In German, you’ll undoubtably be presented with some mind-boggling grammar early on. Don’t fret. The German language gets significantly easier once you’ve scaled the first few conceptual mountains. As you probably know, German nouns are either masculine, feminine or neuter: der, die and das respectively. It’s a very good idea to learn all your nouns with the article from the very beginning. So when you learn that table is Tisch, make sure you also learn that a table is masculine, so it’s der Tisch. And that the mug on the table is feminine. Die Tasse und der Tisch.
Learning words in their grammatical context is vital to avoiding confusion and inaccuracy further down the line. This approach isn’t only valid for article-noun collocation, but for almost every other aspect of German, whether it be sentence structure in subordinate clauses or how certain prepositions collocate with certain cases. If that all sounds like grammatical mumbo-jumbo to you, don’t worry — I’ll explain further in the next few tips
Tip 2. Go Modal
What are modal verbs and why are they so cool? Modal verbs are those oh-so-common verbs — can, must, might, may — which express ideas of possibility, permission, desire and obligation. Just like in English, the German modal verbs couple up with the infinitive, and they can give you a strong degree of fluency from the very beginning. That’s why they’re so cool. If you learn the conjugation of these verbs along with some of the most frequently-used verbs, you’ll be able to express a broad range of things. Learn the verbs gehen (to go), spielen (to play) and lernen (to learn). Imagine the range of things you can communicate simply by combining these infinitives with the two modal verbs können (can) and müssen (must/have to):
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| I can play football. / I have to play football. | Ich kann Fußball spielen. / Ich muss Fußball spielen. |
| I can go to the party. / I have to go to the party. | Ich kann zur Party gehen. / Ich muss zur Party gehen. |
| I can learn German. / I have to learn German. | Ich kann Deustch lernen. / Ich muss Deutsch lernen. |
sentences. And gaps are made to be filled. This focus on modal verbs helped me strike up conversations quickly in German, Italian and French when I first started learning.
Tip 3. Don’t Let Der, Die Or Das Daunt You
You’ll hear people say that there are 16 ways to say “the” and that there’s no rhyme and no reason to which nouns are der, which are die and which are das. Yes, there are 16 different ways, but there is reason behind most of them. And there is even some rhyme behind when a noun is masculine, feminine or neuter — it’s just that not many Germans know this.
Anything that ends in -keit or -heit, such as die Krankheit (illness) and die Dankbarkeit (gratitude), or -ung and –schaft, such as die Bedeutung (meaning) and die Botschaft (embassy) are, you guessed it, feminine. The same goes for any words ending in -ie, -in, -sion, -tät or -ur. This already begins to cover quite a lot of common words. Add to that the patterns for masculine nouns (anything ending in -ling or -ismus, for example) and neuter nouns (-tum and -tel, for instance), and you’ll be able to get an upper hand on those mischievous articles.
Tip 4. Get On The Case Of The Prepositions
Prepositions are generally small words — on, in, at, under, over — which introduce prepositional phrases indicating time, place and direction. They’re fiddly little fellows, and often cause language learners confusion. How would you respond to a student of English who asked, “What’s the difference between ‘I’m at the station’ and ‘I’m in the station?’” German prepositions can also be a bit of a pain, but an English-speaking student of German won’t find their usage so foreign: Like the beloved English phrasal verb, German prepositions often act as particles that adjust the meaning of a verb.
I apologize — that was probably too much grammatical mumbo-jumbo. But the reason I mention German prepositions is because they’re another shortcut to using the German cases correctly. A majority of German prepositions collocate with only one case, meaning that if you use the preposition, a certain case must follow. If you learn the prepositions and at the same time learn the cases they govern, you’ll be able to speak conspicuously accurately for a beginner. Take the prepositions mit and gegen, which mean “with” and “against” respectively. Mit is always used with the dative case, and gegen is always used with the accusative case. Therefore, we know the objects in the following sentences will differ from one another:
| I play football with him. | Ich spiele Fußball mit ihm. |
| I play against him. | Ich spiele Fußball gegen ihn. |
So remember, when you encounter the prepositions, remember to learn the cases which they govern — their grammatical context — in order to avoid a classic German language peril from the very beginning!
Tip 5. Get A Feel For The Way The Language Works
The above tips are pretty grammar-heavy, but German is stuffed full of grammar when you first begin. As much as you might resist, the language will probably turn you into a bit of a grammar geek. The concepts are not complicated, but using them at the speed of speech is. It requires practice: repeating phrases to yourself, inventing miniature stories in the shower, singing under your breath on the way to work. You’ll start to internalize the rules, and suddenly semi-automated sentences will pop out of your mouth.
Your knowledge of German prefixes will help you decipher new verbs. You’ll know ent- always means “to take away” or “to remove,” so you’ll know ent + decken (to cover) means “to discover.” You’ll also guess that ent + gehen (to go) means “to escape.” You’ll know the word Entscheidung is die Entscheidung simply because it ends in -ung, and you’ll know that if you ever do something with something else, that something else will have to be in the dative case. This will all fall into place, and you’ll develop a feel for the language.